Pediatric Graves Disease

• Etiology: Autoimmune thyroiditis resulting in antibody-directed stimulation of the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor with production and release of T3 and T4 resulting in hyperthyroidism
• Imaging US: Thyroid gland enlarged, hyperechoic, heterogenous, without nodules
• Imaging US Color Doppler: Hypervascular (thyroid inferno sign)
• DDX:
• Complications: Increased risk of thyroid cancer
• Treatment:
  — Antithyroid medications are first-line treatment
  — Radioactive iodine or thyroidectomy in medication-resistant patients
• Clinical: TSH suppressed, T4 elevated, T3 elevated, TSH receptor antibodies (TSI, TGI, TBII) positive

Radiology Cases of Graves Disease