Male preschooler with urinary retention

CT of prostatic rhabdomyosarcoma — Axial CT with contrast of the abdomen shows a soft tissue mass arising from between the bladder and rectum that is invading into the posterior wall of the bladder, resulting in filling defects within the bladder.

The diagnosis was genitourinary rhabdomyosarcoma arising from the prostate and invading the bladder.

School ager with suspected congenital anomaly of the urinary tract

IVP of pelvic kidney — AP image from the excretory phase of a vintage intravenous pyelogram shows a normal position of the right kidney in the right renal fossa. The left renal fossa is empty and the left kidney can be found in the left pelvis, over the left side of the sacrum.

The diagnosis was an ectopic kidney in the pelvis.

School ager with progressive abdominal distension and abdominal pain over the last month and new onset urinary retention

CT of constipation causing bladder outlet obstruction — Coronal (left) and sagittal (right) images from a CT with IV and oral contrast of the abdomen shows a hugely distended bladder whose dome nearly touches the inferior margin of the liver. There is a marked amount of stool throughout the colon, especially in the rectum where a fecaloma is pinching off the bladder neck and urethra.

The diagnosis was constipation causing bladder outlet obstruction.

Infant with urinary retention and constipation

Barium enema of presacral sacrococcygeal teratoma — Lateral image from a barium enema shows displacement of the rectum anteriorly by a presacral mass which is eroding into the rectum and causing the extravasation of a small amount of contrast from the rectum posteriorly.

The diagnosis was sacrococcygeal teratoma.

Toddler with recently noted urinary retention

IVP and CT of rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder — AP image from the excretory phase of a vintage intravenous pyelogram (above) shows bilaterally normal appearing renal collecting systems and ureters. There is a multilobulated circumferential filling defect in the base of the badder. Axial CT with contrast of the abdomen shows the mass to almost complete fill the base of the bladder.

The diagnosis was rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder.

Newborn with marked bilateral hydronephrosis on prenatal US

VCUG of posterior urethral valves — AP image from a voiding cystourethrogram (above) shows bilateral grade 5 vesicoureteral reflux, right greater than left, and a narrow pinecone-shaped bladder in the inferior midline aspect of the image. Lateral image of the urethra taken during the voiding phase of the voiding urethrogram (below) shows marked dilation of the posterior urethra and a thin lucent membrane at the transition zone where the urethra assumes a more normal caliber.

The diagnosis was posterior urethral valves causing bilateral grade V vesicoureteral reflux.

Toddler with an acutely enlarged and blue right scrotum

US of hydrocele — Transverse and sagittal US of the right scrotum (above) shows a large anechoic fluid collection around the right testicle and epididymis. Sagittal US of the left scrotum (below) for comparison shows no fluid collection around the normal appearing left testicle.

The diagnosis was a large right hydrocele.

School ager with an acutely enlarged right scrotum

US of hydrocele — Sagittal US of the left scrotum (above) is unremarkable while sagittal US of the right scrotum (below) shows a large anechoic fluid collection surrounding the right testicle.

The diagnosis was right hydrocele.

Toddler with right scrotal pain who had suffered non-accidental trauma

CT of testicular hematoma — Axial CT with contrast of the abdomen (above) shows a heterogenous appearance to the enlarged right testicle which is surrounded by an edematous scrotal sac. Sagittal US of the right scrotum (below) again shows the thickened edematous scrotal sac, the heterogenous testicle, and an anechoic fluid collection surrounding the testicle.

The diagnosis was testicular hematoma surrounded by a reactive hydrocele and a scrotal hematoma secondary to trauma.

Infant with enlarged left scrotum and elevated AFP

US of testicular yolk sac tumor — Transverse color doppler US of the scrotum (above) shows the left testicle is hypervascular and much larger in size than the right testicle. Sagittal US of the left testicle (below) shows the testicular enlargement is due to a large round mass in the superior aspect of the testicle that is discrete from the normal testicle inferiorly.

The diagnosis was yolk sac tumor of the testicle.

Infant with acute right groin swelling

US of inguinal hernia — Sagittal US of the right scrotum shows a normal appearing right testicle (to the right of the image) that is displaced inferiorly in the scrotal sac by a large mass composed of multiple tubular structures that demonstrated peristalsis on real-time imaging.

The diagnosis was inguinal hernia.

Preschooler with acute left scrotal pain

US of epidimo-orchitis — Sagittal and transverse greyscale US of the left testicle (above) show a heterogenous appearance of the left testicle. Sagittal color doppler US of the left testicle shows increased blood flow to the left testicle and there was also increased blood flow to the left epididymis (not pictured).

The diagnosis was left epididimo-orchitis.

Preschooler with acute onset of left scrotal pain

US of torsion of the appendix testis — Transverse (above) and sagittal (below) US of the left testicle shows a round, mixed echogenicity lesion superior and medial to the left testicle that had no flow on color and spectral doppler US. The left epididymis and left testicle were normal in appearance with normal appearing blood flow.

The diagnosis was torsion of the appendix testis on the left.

Teenager with acute left scrotal pain

US of testicular torsion — Sagittal color doppler US of the right testicle (above) shows the presence of color flow that had an arterial waveform on spectral doppler US. Sagittal color doppler US of the left testicle (below) shows the absence of color flow and no arterial waveforms could be found on spectral doppler US.

The diagnosis was left testicular torsion.

Preschooler with emesis

CT of reflux nephropathy and VCUG of vesicoureteral reflux — Coronal CT with contrast of the abdomen (left) shows a normal appearing left kidney and a shrunken right kidney with diffuse loss of renal parenchyma and scarring. AP image from a voiding cystourethrogram (right) shows left grade II vesicoureteral reflux and right grade IV vesicoureteral reflux.

The diagnosis was bilateral vesicoureteral reflux resulting in right reflux nephropathy.

Infant with urinary tract infection

US of duplicated kidney with ectopic ureterocele and hydroureteropyonephrosis — Sagittal US of the right kidney (upper left) shows a duplicated renal collecting system with the upper pole replaced by a round structure filled with echogenic material. Sagittal US of the right upper pole ureter (upper right) shows a tortuous ureter filled with echogenic material. Transverse US of the bladder (lower left) shows a round structure in the right side of the bladder that has echogenic material in its inferior portion and anechoic material in its superior portion. Sagittal US of the right ureter and bladder (lower right) shows the tortuous right ureter filled with echogenic material on the left side of the image and the rounded structure with the fluid-fluid level in the right side of the bladder.

The diagnosis was acute pyelonephritis in a duplicated kidney with an ectopic ureterocele with hydroureteropyonephrosis throughout the upper pole of the right kidney and right upper pole ureter and ureterocele.

Infant with suspected congenital anomaly of the urinary tract

IVP of renal agenesis — AP image from the nephrogram phase of a vintage intravenous pyelogram shows a dense nephrogram in the right renal fossa representing the right kidney with contrast draining down the right ureter and filling the bladder. There is no nephrogram noted in the left renal fossa.

The diagnosis was agenesis of the left kidney.

Infant with respiratory distress due to respiratory syncytial virus

CXR and CT of intrathoracic kidney — CXR AP (upper left) shows a rounded mass in the left lower lobe which appears posterior in location on the CXR lateral (upper right). Coronal and axial CT with contrast of the chest (below) shows the left kidney to be in the lower left hemithorax. In the operating room, a defect at the foramen of Bochdalek was noted and repaired after the kidney had been reduced into the abdomen.

The diagnosis was intrathoracic kidney due to congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

School ager with abdominal pain after motor vehicle collision

CT of horseshoe kidney — Axial CT with contrast of the abdomen shows the densely enhancing lower poles of the kidneys to be angulated medially (above) and to eventually fuse in the midline (below).

The diagnosis was horseshoe kidney.

School ager with congenital anomaly of the urinary tract

Angiogram of cross fused renal ectopia — AP image from a selective angiogram injection of the left renal artery shows fusion of the medial aspect of the left kidney, which has crossed the midline, to the medial aspect of the right kidney, causing the right kidney to be displaced laterally. A right hemivertebra is also present just above the T10 vertebral body.

The diagnosis was cross fused renal ectopia in a patient with a hemivertebra and vertebral body anomaly.

Teenager with abdominal pain

CT of pelvic kidney — Coronal image (above) from a CT with contrast of the abdomen shows a normal appearing kidney in the left renal fossa and the absence of a kidney in the right renal fossa. An axial image from the same exam (below) shows the right kidney to be located in the pelvis.

The diagnosis was pelvic kidney.

School ager with acute right flank pain

CT of ureteral stone — Axial (left) and coronal (right) CT without contrast of the abdomen shows a dense calcification at the right ureteovesical junction. There is mild associated enlargement of the right kidney with mild inflammatory fat stranding around the right kidney.

The diagnosis was right ureteral stone at the level of the ureterovesical junction.

Infant with a right orbital mass

CT of neuroblastoma with orbital metastasis — Axial CT without contrast of the abdomen (above) shows a large mass that has faint calcifications within it that fills the entire left upper quadrant of the abdomen. Axial CT without (lower left) and with (lower right) contrast of the orbit shows a round soft tissue mass around the right pterygoid plate that enhances strongly with contrast.

The diagnosis was neuroblastoma of the right adrenal gland with metastasis to the right orbit.

School ager with spinal dysraphism and a neurogenic bladder

AXR and US of bladder stone — AXR AP (above) shows two irregularly-shaped calcified objects projecting over the pelvis. Spinal dysraphism is noted in the sacrum. There is a cecostomy tube in the right lower quadrant. Sagittal US of the bladder (below) shows an echogenic mass within the inferior aspect of the bladder (to the right of the image) that has posterior shadowing.

The diagnosis was two bladder stones in a patient with neurogenic bladder.

Infant with constipation

AXR of adrenal hemorrhage — AXR shows large triangle-shaped calcifications projecting over the right adrenal gland at the level of T10 and the left adrenal gland at the level of T11. These were noted to resolve over several months.

The diagnosis was bilateral adrenal hemorrhage.