Infant with bilateral leukocoria

MRI of bilateral retinoblastoma — Axial T1 MRI with contrast of the orbits shows solid enhancing masses arising from the posterior aspect of the globes bilaterally. There was no extension into the optic nerves.

The diagnosis was bilateral retinoblastoma.

Preschooler with proptosis of the right orbit

MRI of retinoblastoma — Axial T1 without contrast (above left), coronal T2 (above right), axial T1 (below left) and coronal T1 (below right) MRI with contrast of the orbits show a large heterogenous solid mass arising from the posterior aspect of the right globe that enhances with contrast. There was no extension to the right optic nerve.

The diagnosis was retinoblastoma.

Toddler with small orbits

Axial (above) and coronal (below) CT with contrast of the orbits show bilaterally small orbits containing small optic nerves and small extraocular muscles. There is also bilaterally calcification in the center of the vitreous of the globes and colobomatous cysts inferolaterally within the orbits.

The diagnosis was microphthalmia and coloboma.

Toddler with an orbital mass

CT of orbital dermoid — Coronal (above) and axial (below) CT with contrast of the orbits show a right superolateral rounded low density mass that is not causing any bone erosion.

The diagnosis was orbital dermoid.

Toddler with an orbital mass

CT of orbital dermoid — Axial CT without contrast of the orbits in soft tissue (above) and bone windows (below) show a left superomedial rounded low density mass that is not causing any bone erosion.

The diagnosis was orbital dermoid.

Infant with an orbital mass

CT of dacrocystocele — Axial (above) and coronal (below) CT without contrast of the orbits show a left inferomedial low density bilobed mass extending from the left medial canthus through the lacrimal duct into the left inferior nasal cavity.

The diagnosis was dacrocystocele.

Toddler with left arm weakness

CT and MRI of supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumor — Axial CT without contrast of the brain (above left) shows an ill-defined large heterogenous right periventricular mass causing midline shift to the left. Axial T2 (above right) and T1 MRI without contrast (below left) of the brain show the mass to be fairly well circumscribed, primarily solid with some cystic components, and to show heterogenous enhancement on axial T1 MRI with contrast (below right).

The diagnosis was primitive neuroectodermal tumor.

Teenager with seizures

MRI of mesial temporal sclerosis — Coronal T2 (above) and FLAIR (below) MRI of the brain shows atrophy and sclerosis represented by bright T2 signal of the left hippocampus which also showed low metabolism on PET imaging.

The diagnosis was mesial temporal sclerosis.

Toddler with hemiplegia

MRI of hemimegalencephaly — Axial T2 MRI of the brain shows the left cerebral hemisphere to have diffusely thickening of the cortical ribbon and a decreased amount of white matter.

The diagnosis was hemimegalencephaly.

School ager with increasing headaches

MRI of gliomatosis cerebri — Three contiguous axial FLAIR MRI images (above left, above right, below left) show a high signal intensity infiltrative mass without much mass effect centered in the left frontal lobe which crosses the corpus callosum into the right front lobe and right central white matter. Axial T1 MRI with contrast of the brain (below right) shows the mass to have faint enhancement.

The diagnosis was gliomatosis cerebri due to anaplastic astrocytoma.

School ager with seizure

MRI of ganglioglioma — Coronal T2 (above left), FLAIR (above right) and T1 MRI with contrast (below) of the brain show a round cystic lesion in the medial aspect of the left temporal lobe that has an enhancing mural nodule superiorly.

The diagnosis was gangliglioma.

School ager with seizures

MRI of focal cortical dysplasia — Axial T2 (above left), axial FLAIR (above right) and coronal T1 (below) MRI without contrast of the brain show an abnormal gyral pattern of cortical grey matter in the infero-medial aspect of the right frontal lobe that on the axial images is seen to nearly reach the anterior-most aspect of the anterior horn of the right lateral ventricle.

The diagnosis was focal cortical dysplasia.

Teenager with papilledema and vision loss

MRI of supratentorial ependymoma — Axial (above left) and coronal (above right) T1 MRI without contrast of the brain show a right hemispheric high signal intensity mass with mural nodules that is causing some mass effect to the left. The mass was also of high signal intensity on T2 MRI. Axial (below left) and coronal (below right) T1 MRI with contrast of the brain show enhancement of the mural nodules.

The diagnosis was ependymoma.

Infant with febrile seizure

CT and MRI of desmoplastic infantile glioma — Axial (above left) and coronal (above right) CT without contrast of the brain show a mass in the left temporal lobe that medially has a higher density solid component and laterally has a lower density cystic component. The mass is surrounded by low density vasogenic edema and is causing some midline shift to the right. Axial (below left) and coronal (below right) T1 MRI with contrast of the brain show homogenous contrast enhancement of the solid portion of the mass.

The diagnosis was desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma.

Toddler with purulent drainage from the right neck

CT of second branchial cleft cyst — Axial (left) CT with contrast of the neck shows a round, low density mass on the right with rim enhancement anterior to the right sternocleidomastoid muscle and inferior to the angle of the mandible and posterior to the right submandibular gland that has a sinus tract to the skin best seen on the coronal CT (right).

The diagnosis was second branchial cleft cyst.

Toddler with an infected neck mass

CT of fourth branchial cleft cyst — Coronal (above left), sagittal (above right) and axial (below) CT with contrast of the neck degraded by motion artifact shows a round, low density mass in the neck inferior to the hyoid bone and anterior to the thyroid gland that is just to the left of midline that has rim enhancement. Endoscopy subsequently showed a tract to the left pyriform sinus.

The diagnosis was fourth branchial cleft cyst.

School ager with a lump in the right neck

US of papillary thyroid cancer — Sagittal US of the right neck (above) shows an enlarged lymph node that does not have a normal fatty echogenic hilum and that does have several microcalcifications within it. Transverse US of the thyroid gland (below) shows a mass in the right lobe of the thyroid gland that contains numerous microcalcifications.

The diagnosis was papillary thyroid cancer.

School ager with hypothyroidism

US of Hashimoto thyroiditis — Transverse grayscale (above) and color doppler (below) US of the thyroid show an enlarged, heterogenous thyroid gland that has increased vasacularity.

The diagnosis was Hashimoto thyroiditis.

Teenager with hyperthyroidism

US of Graves disease — Transverse grayscale (above), color doppler (middle), and power doppler (below) US of the thyroid show an enlarged, heterogenous and hypervascular thyroid gland.

The diagnosis was Graves disease.

Preschooler with cervical pain

Radiograph of pseudosubluxation of the cervical spine — Lateral radiographs of the cervical spine in flexion (left) show anterior subluxation of the C2 vertebral body on the C3 vertebral body which reduces on extension (right) and is now in normal alignment.

The diagnosis was pseudosubluxation of the cervical spine.

School ager with Trisomy 21

Radiograph of atlanto occipital instability — Lateral radiograph of the cervical spine in flexion (left) shows a normal atlanto dens interval and normal relationship of the occipital condyles to the lateral masses of C1 while on extension (right) there is posterior translation of the occipital condyles in relation to the lateral masses of C1.

The diagnosis was atlanto occipital instability in a patient with Trisomy 21.

Preschooler with Trisomy 21

Radiograph of atlanto axial instability — Lateral radiographs of the cervical spine show a mildly enlarged atlanto dens interval in neutral position (left), that increases significantly on flexion (center) and reduces on extension (right).

The diagnosis was atlanto axial instability in a patient with Trisomy 21.

Teenager with progressive spasticity

CT of os odontoideum — Sagittal CT without contrast of the cervical spine (left) shows a large well-corticated ossicle posterior and superior to the anterior arch of C1 and superior to the dens, hypertrophy of the anterior arch of C1, and a large atlanto-dens interval due to atlanto-axial dislocation. Sagittal T2 MRI without contrast of the cervical spine (right) shows a narrow spinal canal secondary to the atlanto axial dislocation with spinal cord compression and abnormal bright signal in the spinal cord at C1-C2.

The diagnosis was dystopic os odontoideum.

School ager with headaches

CT of basilar invagination — Sagittal CT without contrast of the cervical spine shows the tip of the dens is 6 mm above Chamberlain’s line.

The diagnosis was basilar invagination.

Newborn with a lumbar myelomeningocele

Radiograph of lacunar skull in Chiari II malformation — Lateral radiograph of the skull shows a disordered arrangement of the inner table of the skull.

The diagnosis was lacunar skull in a patient with a Chiari II malformation.